<p><span class="w"><img src="http://www.greekencyclopedia.com/static/images/9mage0000297B.jpg" alt="" /></span></p>
<p><span class="w">Σαιντ</span> – <span class="w">Μπεβ</span>, <span class="w">Σαρλ</span> – <span class="w">Ογκιστέν</span> <span class="w">ντε</span>-(<span class="w">Sainte</span> – <span class="w">Beuve</span>). <span class="w">Γάλλος</span> <span class="w">συγγραφέας</span> <span class="w">και</span> <span class="w">κριτικός</span> (<span class="w">Μπουλόν</span> – <span class="w">συρ</span> -<span class="w">Μερ</span> <span class="w">1804</span> – <span class="w">Παρίσι</span> <span class="w">1869</span>). <span class="w">Προσχώρησε</span> <span class="w">στο</span> <span class="w">ρομαντικό</span> <span class="w">κίνημα</span>, <span class="w">συνεργαζόμενος</span> <span class="w">στη</span> <span class="w">φιλελεύθερη</span> <span class="w">εφημερίδα</span> <span class="w">Globe</span><span class="w">και</span> <span class="w">συνδέθηκε</span> <span class="w">με</span> <span class="w">τον</span> <span class="w">Ουγκό</span> <span class="w">με</span> <span class="w">φιλία</span> <span class="w">που</span> <span class="w">επρόκειτο</span> <span class="w">να</span> <span class="w">είναι</span> <span class="w">ταραχώδης</span>. <span class="w">Το</span> <span class="w">1828</span> <span class="w">έκδωσε</span> <span class="w">τον</span> <span class="w">Ιστορικό</span> <span class="w">και</span> <span class="w">κριτικό</span><span class="w">πίνακα</span> <span class="w">της</span> <span class="w">γαλλικής</span> <span class="w">ποίησης</span> <span class="w">και</span> <span class="w">του</span> <span class="w">θεάτρου</span> <span class="w">του</span> <span class="w">16ου</span> <span class="w">αιώνα</span>, <span class="w">τολμηρή</span>, <span class="w">για</span> <span class="w">τον</span> <span class="w">καιρό</span> <span class="w">της</span>, <span class="w">αξιολόγηση</span> <span class="w">των</span> <span class="w">πριν</span><span class="w">από</span> <span class="w">τον</span> <span class="w">κλασικισμό</span> <span class="w">λογοτεχνικών</span> <span class="w">περιόδων</span>. <span class="w">Στο</span> <span class="w">μεταξύ</span> <span class="w">άρχισε</span> <span class="w">την</span> <span class="w">έκδοση</span> <span class="w">των</span> <span class="w">ποιητικών</span> <span class="w">του</span> <span class="w">συλλογών:</span> <span class="w">Ζωή</span>,<span class="w">ποιήματα</span> <span class="w">και</span> <span class="w">σκέψεις</span> <span class="w">του</span> <span class="w">Zoζέφ</span> <span class="w">Ντελόρμ</span> (<span class="w">1829</span>), <span class="w">Οι</span> <span class="w">παρηγοριές</span> (<span class="w">1830</span>), <span class="w">Οι</span> <span class="w">αυγουστιάτικες</span> <span class="w">σκέψεις</span> (<span class="w">1837</span>), <span class="w">Το</span><span class="w">βιβλίο</span> <span class="w">της</span> <span class="w">αγάπης</span>, (<span class="w">περιορισμένη</span> <span class="w">έκδοση</span> <span class="w">1843</span>, <span class="w">κοινή</span> <span class="w">έκδοση</span> <span class="w">1904</span>). <span class="w">Αν</span> <span class="w">και</span> <span class="w">δεν</span> <span class="w">της</span> <span class="w">έλειπε</span> <span class="w">κάποιος</span> <span class="w">προσωπικός</span><span class="w">τόνος</span> <span class="w">μέσα</span> <span class="w">στα</span> <span class="w">πλαίσια</span> <span class="w">της</span> <span class="w">ρομαντικής</span> <span class="w">παραγωγής</span>, <span class="w">η</span> <span class="w">ποιητική</span> <span class="w">φλέβα</span> <span class="w">του</span> <span class="w">Σ</span>. <span class="w">εξαντλήθηκε</span> <span class="w">στις</span> <span class="w">συλλογές</span> <span class="w">αυτές</span>, <span class="w">και</span><span class="w">το</span> <span class="w">μυθιστορηματικό</span> <span class="w">του</span> <span class="w">έργο</span> <span class="w">περιορίστηκε</span> <span class="w">σ</span>’ <span class="w">ένα</span> <span class="w">μόνο</span> <span class="w">αξιόλογο</span> <span class="w">βιβλίο</span>, <span class="w">την</span> <span class="w">Ηδονή</span> (<span class="w">1834</span>). <span class="w">Ως</span> <span class="w">μελετητής</span>, <span class="w">ο</span> <span class="w">Σ</span>.<span class="w">έδωσε</span> <span class="w">το</span> <span class="w">σημαντικότερο</span> <span class="w">έργο</span> <span class="w">του</span> <span class="w">με</span> <span class="w">το</span> <span class="w">επιβλητικό</span> <span class="w">Πορ</span>-<span class="w">Ρουαγιάλ</span> (<span class="w">5</span> <span class="w">τόμοι</span>, <span class="w">1840</span>-<span class="w">1859</span>) – <span class="w">μεγάλη</span> <span class="w">ιστορική</span> <span class="w">εικόνα</span> <span class="w">της</span><span class="w">ιανσενιτικής</span> <span class="w">πνευματικότητας</span> <span class="w">στις</span> <span class="w">θρησκευτικές</span>, <span class="w">πνευματικές</span> <span class="w">και</span> <span class="w">λογοτεχνικές</span> <span class="w">διαστάσεις</span> <span class="w">της</span> – <span class="w">με</span> <span class="w">τη</span> <span class="w">Μελέτη</span> <span class="w">επί</span> <span class="w">του</span><span class="w">Βιργιλίου</span> (<span class="w">1857</span>) <span class="w">και</span> <span class="w">το</span> <span class="w">βιβλίο</span> <span class="w">Ο</span> <span class="w">Σατωμπριάν</span> <span class="w">και</span> <span class="w">η</span> <span class="w">λογοτεχνική</span> <span class="w">ομάδα</span> <span class="w">του</span> (<span class="w">1861</span>), <span class="w">καρπό</span> <span class="w">τριων</span> <span class="w">σειρών</span> <span class="w">μαθημάτων</span><span class="w">που</span> <span class="w">έδωσε</span> <span class="w">στη</span> <span class="w">Λοζάννη</span>, <span class="w">στην</span> <span class="w">Εκόλ</span> <span class="w">Νορμάλ</span> <span class="w">του</span> <span class="w">Παρισιού</span> <span class="w">και</span> <span class="w">στη</span> <span class="w">Λιέγη</span> (<span class="w">μέλος</span> <span class="w">της</span> <span class="w">Γαλλικής</span> <span class="w">Ακαδημίας</span> <span class="w">από</span> <span class="w">το</span><span class="w">1843</span>, <span class="w">ο</span> <span class="w">Σαιντ</span> <span class="w">Μπεβ</span> <span class="w">ήταν</span> <span class="w">από</span> <span class="w">το</span> <span class="w">1840</span> <span class="w">ως</span> <span class="w">το</span> <span class="w">1848</span> <span class="w">υπάλληλος</span> <span class="w">της</span> <span class="w">Βιβλιοθήκης</span> <span class="w">Μαζαρίνου</span> <span class="w">και</span> <span class="w">δίδαξε</span> <span class="w">στο</span> <span class="w">Κολέγιο</span><span class="w">της</span> <span class="w">Γαλλίας</span> <span class="w">από</span> <span class="w">το</span> <span class="w">1855</span> <span class="w">και</span> <span class="w">στην</span> <span class="w">Εκόλ</span> <span class="w">Νορμάλ</span> <span class="w">από</span> <span class="w">το</span> <span class="w">1857</span> <span class="w">έως</span> <span class="w">το</span> <span class="w">1861</span>). <span class="w">Το</span> <span class="w">χαρακτηριστικότερο</span> <span class="w">όμως</span> <span class="w">μέρος</span> <span class="w">του</span><span class="w">έργου</span> <span class="w">του</span> <span class="w">ως</span> <span class="w">κριτικού</span> <span class="w">αποτελείται</span> <span class="w">από</span> <span class="w">τις</span> <span class="w">πολυάριθμες</span> <span class="w">μελέτες</span> <span class="w">του</span> <span class="w">για</span> <span class="w">πρόσωπα</span> <span class="w">και</span> <span class="w">έργα</span> <span class="w">της</span> <span class="w">λογοτεχνίας</span> <span class="w">ή</span><span class="w">ιστορικοπνευματικά</span> <span class="w">προβλήματα</span>, <span class="w">που</span> <span class="w">δημοσιεύτηκαν</span> <span class="w">διαδοχικά</span> <span class="w">σε</span> <span class="w">εφημερίδες</span>, <span class="w">όπως</span> <span class="w">οι</span> <span class="w">Constitutionnel</span>, <span class="w">Moniteur</span><span class="dic_color"><em><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><span class="w">κλπ</span>.</span></em></span>, <span class="w">και</span> <span class="w">συγκεντρώθηκαν</span> <span class="w">κατόπιν</span> <span class="w">σε</span> <span class="w">τόμους:</span> <span class="w">σημαντικότερες</span> <span class="w">είναι</span> <span class="w">οι</span> <span class="w">Κουβέντες</span> <span class="w">της</span> Δ<span class="w">ευτέρας</span> (<span class="w">3η</span> <span class="w">έκδοση</span> <span class="w">1857</span>-<span class="w">72</span>,<span class="w">σε</span> <span class="w">15</span> <span class="w">τόμους</span>) <span class="w">και</span> <span class="w">ακόμα</span> <span class="w">οι</span> <span class="w">Πρώτες</span> Δ<span class="w">ευτέρες</span>, <span class="w">Νέες</span> Δ<span class="w">ευτέρες</span>, <span class="w">Λογοτεχνικά</span> <span class="w">πορτραίτα</span>, <span class="w">Σύγχρονα</span> <span class="w">πορτραίτα</span>,<span class="w">Πορτραίτα</span> <span class="w">γυναικών</span>. <span class="w">Ανανεώνοντας</span> <span class="w">ριζικά</span> <span class="w">την</span> <span class="w">ακαδημαϊκή</span> <span class="w">και</span> <span class="w">δογματική</span> <span class="w">μέθοδο</span> <span class="w">των</span> <span class="w">κλασικών</span> <span class="w">μελετών</span>, <span class="w">ο</span> <span class="w">Σ</span>.<span class="w">δημιούργησε</span> <span class="w">τη</span> <span class="w">λογοτεχνική</span> <span class="w">κριτική</span> <span class="w">με</span> <span class="w">τη</span> <span class="w">σύγχρονη</span> <span class="w">έννοια:</span> <span class="w">δηλαδή</span> <span class="w">ως</span> <span class="w">ανάλυση</span> <span class="w">που</span> <span class="w">στηρίζεται</span> <span class="w">στα</span> <span class="w">στοιχεία</span> <span class="w">τόσο</span><span class="w">της</span> <span class="w">ιστορίας</span> <span class="w">όσο</span> <span class="w">και</span> <span class="w">της</span> <span class="w">ψυχολογίας</span>, <span class="w">σε</span> <span class="w">κριτήρια</span> <span class="w">ικανά</span> <span class="w">να</span> <span class="w">προσαρμόζονται</span> <span class="w">στα</span> <span class="w">εξεταζόμενα</span> <span class="w">θέματα</span>, <span class="w">τέλος</span> <span class="w">στη</span><span class="w">μόνιμη</span> <span class="w">φροντίδα</span> <span class="w">να</span> <span class="w">δώσει</span> <span class="w">οδηγό</span> <span class="w">και</span> <span class="w">βοηθό</span> <span class="w">για</span> <span class="w">το</span> <span class="w">διάβασμα</span>. <span class="w">Το</span> <span class="w">λάθος</span> <span class="w">του</span> <span class="w">Σ</span>. <span class="w">ήταν</span> <span class="w">ότι</span> <span class="w">δεν</span> <span class="w">έδειξε</span> <span class="w">αρκετή</span> <span class="w">κατανόηση</span><span class="w">για</span> <span class="w">το</span> <span class="w">καινούργιο</span> (<span class="w">δεν</span> <span class="w">ένοιωσε</span> <span class="w">π</span>.<span class="w">χ</span>. <span class="w">την</span> <span class="w">ποίηση</span> <span class="w">του</span> <span class="w">Μπωντλαίρ</span>) <span class="w">και</span> <span class="w">ότι</span> <span class="w">ταλαντευόταν</span> <span class="w">μεταξύ</span> <span class="w">των</span> <span class="w">διάφορων</span><span class="w">ιδεολογιών:</span> <span class="w">από</span> <span class="w">το</span> <span class="w">ρομαντικό</span> <span class="w">φιλελευθερισμό</span> <span class="w">ως</span> <span class="w">το</span> <span class="w">Σαιν</span> – <span class="w">Σιμόν</span>, <span class="w">από</span> <span class="w">το</span> <span class="w">Λα</span> <span class="w">Με</span>-<span class="w">ναί</span> <span class="w">ως</span> <span class="w">το</span> <span class="w">θλιβερό</span> <span class="w">συντηρητισμό</span><span class="w">της</span> Δ<span class="w">εύτερης</span> <span class="w">Αυτοκρατορίας</span>. <span class="w">Την</span> <span class="w">περίπτωση</span> <span class="w">και</span> <span class="w">δύσκολη</span> <span class="w">ψυχοσύνθεση</span> <span class="w">του</span> <span class="w">μαρτυρούν</span> <span class="w">οι</span> <span class="w">προσωπικές</span><span class="w">σημειώσεις</span> <span class="w">του</span>, <span class="w">που</span> <span class="w">δημοσιεύτηκαν</span> <span class="w">μετά</span> <span class="w">το</span> <span class="w">θάνατό</span> <span class="w">του</span> <span class="w">με</span> <span class="w">τον</span> <span class="w">τίτλο</span> <span class="w">Τα</span> <span class="w">δηλητήρια</span> <span class="w">μου</span> (<span class="w">1896</span>). <span class="w">Ο</span> <span class="w">Σαιντ</span>-<span class="w">Μπεβ</span>(<span class="w">1804</span>-<span class="w">1869</span>), <span class="w">πολυσύνθετη</span> <span class="w">φυσιογνωμία</span> <span class="w">κριτικού</span> <span class="w">και</span> <span class="w">συγγραφέα</span>, <span class="w">μπορεί</span> <span class="w">να</span> <span class="w">θεωρηθεί</span> <span class="w">ο</span> <span class="w">θεμελιωτής</span> <span class="w">της</span> <span class="w">νεώτερης</span><span class="w">λογοτεχνικής</span> <span class="w">κριτικής</span>.</p>