Τζον Ντον

<p><strong><big>John Donne</big> ( 1572-1631 , Άγγλος ποιητής &amp; κληρικός)</strong></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong> </strong><span class="w">Άγγλος</span> <span class="w">ποιητής</span>. <span class="w">Από</span> <span class="w">καθολική</span> <span class="w">οικογένεια</span>, <span class="w">ανατράφηκε</span> <span class="w">ως</span> <span class="w">καθολικός</span>, <span class="w">σε</span> <span class="w">μια</span><span class="w">περίοδο</span> <span class="w">κατά</span> <span class="w">την</span> <span class="w">οποία</span> <span class="w">οι</span> <span class="w">μη</span> <span class="w">αγγλικανοί</span> <span class="w">θεωρούνταν</span> <span class="w">ύποπτοι·</span> <span class="w">το</span> <span class="w">γεγονός</span> <span class="w">ότι</span> <span class="w">ανήκε</span> <span class="w">σε</span> <span class="w">μια</span> <span class="w">θρησκευτική</span> <span class="w">μειονότητα</span><span class="w">εμπόδισε</span> <span class="w">και</span> –<span class="w">κατά</span> <span class="w">ένα</span> <span class="w">μέρος</span>– <span class="w">ματαίωσε</span> <span class="w">τις</span> <span class="w">κοινωνικές</span> <span class="w">του</span> <span class="w">φιλοδοξίες</span>. <span class="w">Την</span> <span class="w">εποχή</span> <span class="w">που</span> <span class="w">έκανε</span> <span class="w">τις</span> <span class="w">πρώτες</span> <span class="w">δοκιμές</span><span class="w">του</span> <span class="w">ως</span> <span class="w">συγγραφέας</span> (<span class="w">1590</span>-<span class="w">95</span>) <span class="w">ο</span> <span class="w">θρησκευτικός</span> <span class="w">διωγμός</span> <span class="w">είχε</span> <span class="w">γίνει</span> <span class="w">ιδιαίτερα</span> <span class="w">βίαιος</span>. <span class="w">Στις</span> <span class="w">παρορμήσεις</span> <span class="w">ενός </span><span class="w">περιβάλλοντος</span> <span class="w">πνευματικά</span> <span class="w">και</span> <span class="w">πολιτικά</span> <span class="w">ταραγμένου</span> <span class="w">ο</span> <span class="w">Ν</span>. <span class="w">αντέδρασε</span> <span class="w">με</span> <span class="w">αντιφατικό</span> <span class="w">τρόπο</span>. <span class="w">Αν</span> <span class="w">και</span> <span class="w">απομακρύνθηκε</span><span class="w">από</span> <span class="w">την</span> <span class="w">καθολική</span> <span class="w">θρησκεία</span>, <span class="w">ταλαντεύτηκε</span> <span class="w">πολύ</span> <span class="w">πριν</span> <span class="w">αποδεχτεί</span> <span class="w">τον</span> <span class="w">αγγλικανικό</span> <span class="w">θρησκευτικό</span> <span class="w">κόσμο·</span> <span class="w">υιοθέτησε</span> <span class="w">μια</span><span class="w">στάση</span> <span class="w">εκλεκτική</span>, <span class="w">συνδυάζοντας</span> <span class="w">την</span> <span class="w">περίσκεψη</span> <span class="w">ενός</span> <span class="w">καλλιεργημένου</span> <span class="w">και</span> <span class="w">τραγικού</span> <span class="w">σκεπτικισμού</span> <span class="w">με</span> <span class="w">το</span> <span class="w">ένστικτο</span> <span class="w">μιας</span><span class="w">ιδιοσυγκρασίας</span> <span class="w">ιδιότυπα</span> <span class="w">θρησκευτικής</span>. <span class="w">Όλη</span> <span class="w">του</span> <span class="w">η</span> <span class="w">έμπνευση</span> <span class="w">τορφοδοτήθηκε</span> <span class="w">από</span> <span class="w">αυτές</span> <span class="w">τις</span> <span class="w">αντιφάσεις</span>. <span class="w">Η</span> <span class="w">μη</span><span class="w">θρησκευτική</span> <span class="w">ποίησή</span> <span class="w">του</span> <span class="w">γράφτηκε</span> <span class="w">μεταξύ</span> <span class="w">1590</span> <span class="w">και</span> <span class="w">1615</span>.</p>
<p style="text-align: left;"><span class="w">Στις</span> <span class="w">σάτιρες</span>, <span class="w">στις</span> <span class="w">ελεγείες</span>, <span class="w">στις</span> <span class="w">επιστολές</span> <span class="w">και</span> <span class="w">κυρίως</span> <span class="w">στα</span><span class="w">πενήντα</span> <span class="w">πέντε</span> <span class="w">Τραγούδια</span> <span class="w">και</span> <span class="w">σονέτα</span> <span class="w">όλα</span> <span class="w">έργα</span> <span class="w">νεανικά</span> <span class="w">και</span> <span class="w">της</span> <span class="w">πρώτης</span> <span class="w">ωριμότητας </span><span class="w">οφείλεται</span> <span class="w">μεγάλο</span> <span class="w">μέρος</span> <span class="w">της </span><span class="w">ποιητικής</span> <span class="w">του</span> <span class="w">δόξας</span>. <span class="w">Τα</span> <span class="w">έργα</span> <span class="w">αυτά</span> <span class="w">κυκλοφορούσαν</span> <span class="w">σε</span> <span class="w">χειρόγραφα</span> <span class="w">όσο</span> <span class="w">ζούσε</span> <span class="w">ο</span> <span class="w">ποιητής</span> <span class="w">και</span> <span class="w">τυπώθηκαν</span> (<span class="w">Ποιήματα</span>)<span class="w">μόνο</span> <span class="w">το</span> <span class="w">1633</span>, <span class="w">μετά</span> <span class="w">τον</span> <span class="w">θάνατό</span> <span class="w">του</span>. <span class="w">Σύνθετες</span> <span class="w">εικόνες</span> <span class="w">υψηλότατης</span> <span class="w">τεχνικής</span>, <span class="w">ειρωνικές</span>, <span class="w">κωμικές</span> <span class="w">και</span> <span class="w">αναπάντεχα</span><span class="w">μεγαλειώδεις</span> – <span class="w">αντικείμενα</span> <span class="w">ταπεινά</span>, <span class="w">ανίαρες</span> <span class="w">καταστάσεις</span> <span class="w">που</span> <span class="w">οδηγούν</span> <span class="w">σε</span> <span class="w">εκστατικά</span> <span class="w">οράματα·</span> <span class="w">επιχειρηματολογίες</span><span class="w">προσποιητού</span> <span class="w">θεολογικού</span> <span class="w">μένους</span>, <span class="w">που</span> <span class="w">με</span> <span class="w">τρόπο</span> <span class="w">ειρωνικό</span> <span class="w">εξευγενίζουν</span> <span class="w">ευτελή</span> <span class="w">υλικά</span> <span class="w">και</span> <span class="w">που</span> <span class="w">τελικά</span> <span class="w">τους</span><span class="w">προσδίδουν</span> <span class="w">αυθεντική</span> <span class="w">τραγικότητα:</span> <span class="w">τέλος</span>, <span class="w">μια</span> <span class="w">διάνοια</span> <span class="w">αφηρημένα</span> <span class="w">δόλια</span>, <span class="w">που</span> <span class="w">τρέφεται</span> <span class="w">από</span> <span class="w">έναν</span> <span class="w">φλογερό</span> <span class="w">και</span><span class="w">φαντασιώδη</span> <span class="w">αισθησιασμό</span>. <span class="w">Όλα</span> <span class="w">αυτά</span> <span class="w">προσέδωσαν</span> <span class="w">στην</span> <span class="w">ποίησή</span> <span class="w">του</span> <span class="w">Ν</span>. <span class="w">μια</span> <span class="w">μοναδικότητα</span> <span class="w">που</span> <span class="w">ξάφνιασε</span> <span class="w">και</span> <span class="w">ξαφνιάζει</span><span class="w">τους</span> <span class="w">αναγνώστες</span> <span class="w">του</span>. <span class="w">Το</span> <span class="w">1609</span> <span class="w">άρχισε</span> <span class="w">τα</span> <span class="w">Ιερά</span> <span class="w">σονέτα</span>, <span class="w">εκπληκτικής</span> <span class="w">δύναμης</span> <span class="w">και</span> <span class="w">μεγαλοπρέπειας</span>, <span class="w">στα</span> <span class="w">οποία</span><span class="w">κυριαρχεί</span> <span class="w">το</span> <span class="w">θέμα</span> <span class="w">του</span> <span class="w">θανάτου</span>. <span class="w">Από</span> <span class="w">το</span> <span class="w">1615</span> – <span class="w">αφού</span> <span class="w">χειροτονήθηκε</span> <span class="w">ιερέας</span> <span class="w">της</span> <span class="w">Αγγλικανικής</span> <span class="w">Εκκλησίας</span> – <span class="w">ο</span> <span class="w">Ν</span>.<span class="w">αφιέρωσε</span> <span class="w">τις</span> <span class="w">δυνάμεις</span> <span class="w">στο</span> <span class="w">κήρυγμα</span> <span class="w">κι</span> <span class="w">έγινε</span> <span class="w">ο</span> <span class="w">μεγαλύτερος</span> <span class="w">ιεροκήρυκας</span> <span class="w">της</span> <span class="w">εποχής</span> <span class="w">του</span> <span class="w">μπαρόκ</span>. <span class="w">Στις</span> <span class="w">25</span><span class="w">Φεβρουαρίου</span> <span class="w">1631</span>, <span class="w">τριαντα</span> <span class="w">τρείς</span> <span class="w">μέρες</span> <span class="w">πριν</span> <span class="w">από</span> <span class="w">τον</span> <span class="w">θάνατό</span> <span class="w">του</span>, <span class="w">ο</span> <span class="w">Ν</span>. <span class="w">εκφώνησε</span> <span class="w">μπροστά</span> <span class="w">σ</span>’ <span class="w">ένα</span> <span class="w">αποσβολωμένο</span><span class="w">ακροατήριο</span> <span class="w">έναν</span> <span class="w">από</span> <span class="w">τους</span> <span class="w">πιο</span> <span class="w">εμπνευσμένους</span> <span class="w">του</span> <span class="w">λόγους</span>, <span class="w">τη</span> <span class="w">Μονομαχία</span> <span class="w">του</span> <span class="w">θανάτου</span>, <span class="w">μια</span> <span class="w">πραγματεία</span> <span class="w">για</span> <span class="w">τον</span><span class="w">θάνατο</span>, <span class="w">όπου</span> <span class="w">η</span> <span class="w">ευλαβής</span> <span class="w">φρίκη</span> <span class="w">του</span> <span class="w">αποθνήσκοντος</span> <span class="w">κοσμείται</span> <span class="w">με</span> <span class="w">την</span> <span class="w">πομπώδη</span> <span class="w">μεγαλοπρέπεια</span> <span class="w">της</span> <span class="w">επικήδειας</span><span class="w">ρητορικής</span> <span class="w">του</span> <span class="w">μπαρόκ</span>. <span class="w">Η</span> <span class="w">επίδραση</span> <span class="w">του</span> <span class="w">Ν</span>. <span class="w">στη</span> <span class="w">σύγχρονη</span> <span class="w">ποίηση</span>, <span class="w">όχι</span> <span class="w">μόνο</span> <span class="w">στην</span> <span class="w">αγγλική</span>, <span class="w">υπήρξε</span> <span class="w">τεράστια·</span> <span class="w">από</span><span class="w">τότε</span> <span class="w">που</span> <span class="w">εκδόθηκαν</span> <span class="w">τα</span> <span class="w">ποιήματα</span> <span class="w">του</span> <span class="w">με</span> <span class="w">τη</span> <span class="w">φροντίδα</span> <span class="w">του</span> <span class="w">σερ</span> <span class="w">Χέρμπερτ</span> <span class="w">Γκρίρσον</span> <span class="w">το</span> <span class="w">1912</span>, <span class="w">και</span> <span class="w">κυρίως</span> <span class="w">από</span> <span class="w">την</span><span class="w">ανθολογία</span>, <span class="w">που</span> <span class="w">εξέδωσε</span> <span class="w">ο</span> <span class="w">ίδιος</span>, <span class="w">της</span> «<span class="w">μεταφυσικής</span>» <span class="w">ποίησης</span> <span class="w">του</span> <span class="w">17ου</span> <span class="dic_color"><em><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><span class="w">αι</span>.</span></em></span> (<span class="w">1921</span>), <span class="w">οι</span> <span class="w">μελέτες</span> <span class="w">για</span> <span class="w">τον</span> <span class="w">Ν</span>.<span class="w">πολλαπλασιάστηκαν</span> <span class="w">και</span> <span class="w">σπουδαίες</span> <span class="w">υπήρξαν</span> <span class="w">οι</span> <span class="w">σελίδες</span> <span class="w">που</span> <span class="w">αφιέρωσε</span> <span class="w">στην</span> <span class="w">ποίησή</span> <span class="w">του</span> <span class="w">και</span> <span class="w">γενικά</span> <span class="w">στην</span> <span class="w">ποίηση</span> <span class="w">της</span><span class="w">εποχής</span> <span class="w">του</span> <span class="w">ο</span> <span class="w">Τ</span>.<span class="w">Σ</span>. <span class="w">Έλιοτ</span>. </p>

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